Tweet
†`Ie›`xiv wK Iqvnvex
gydZx dqRyjøvn Avgvb
†`Ie›`xiv wK Iqvnvex? GB cÖ‡kœi Dˇii c~‡e© Avgv‡`i‡K †`Ie›` I Zvi Av`k© Ges Av`wk©K †bZv, Ggwbfv‡e Iqvnvex m¤úª`vq, Zv‡`i Av`k© Ges Zv‡`i cÖavb m¤ú‡K© †gvUv‡gvwU aviYv †bIqv cÖ‡qvRb|
‡`Ie‡›`i Av`wk©K †bZv kvn IqvwjDjøvn in. (1702-1765/1114-1176 wn.) Avi Iqvnvex‡`i cÖavb kvqL gynv¤§` web Avãyj Iqvnnve bR`x| (1703-1792 L„./1115-1206wn.)
Zviv Df‡qB Aóv`k kZ‡Ki cÖwl× `yB gnvb gbxlx| Z‡e Zv‡`i m¤ú‡K© mswÿß GKwU aviYv Aek¨B wb‡Z n‡e| KviY, †Kvb e¨vw³ ev Av`k©‡K wePvi Ki‡Z n‡j KLbB Zv‡K Zvi mgq †_‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i wePvi Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| ZvB Avgiv cÖ_‡g Aóv`k kZ‡Ki we‡k¦i w`‡K wd‡i ZvKve|
Aóv`k kZvãx Ges wek¦ BwZnv‡m cwieZ©‡bi wÿcÖZv
BwZnvm cwieZ©‡bi cÖgvb¨ wPÎ| BwZnvm Aa¨qb Ki‡jB †`Lv hvq, Kxfv‡e c„w_ex‡Z G‡Ki ci GK cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| wKš‘ hv jÿYxq Zv n‡jv, GB cwieZ©‡bi wÿcÖZv Ges ZxeªZv| Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z Avgiv GB wÿcÖZv Ges Zvi cÖPÐZv fxlYfv‡e jÿ¨ Kwi| GB kZvãx‡Z GKB mv‡_ eyw×e„wË, ivRbxwZ, wkí, mvwnZ¨, `k©b Ges weÁv‡bi †ÿ‡Î Avg~j cwieZ©b mywPZ nq Ges Zv LyeB `ªæZMwZ‡Z m¤úbœ nq| cwie‡Z©i wfwË ¯’vcb K‡ib hviv, Zv‡`i gv‡S Ab¨Zg wQ‡jb AvBR¨vK wbDUb| wZwb 1727 wLªóªv‡ã g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| KvQvKvwQ mg‡qB 1725 mv‡j g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib AvaywbK ivwkqvi iƒcKvi Rvi wcUvi `¨v †MÖU| wZwb BD‡iv‡c wM‡q Zv‡`i DbœwZ Ges AMÖhvÎv ¯^P‡ÿ cÖZ¨ÿ K‡ib Ges ¯^‡`k f~wg‡Z cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡i bZzb K‡i M‡o †Zv‡jb ivwkqv‡K| GB kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS mg‡qB BD‡iv‡ci Bsj¨vÛ †_‡K ïiæ nq wkíwecøe Ges Zv Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í Qwo‡q c‡o mviv BD‡iv‡c| Gi wKQz w`b c‡iB m~Pbv nq divmx wecø‡ei| 1790 –Gi gv‡SB hv PzovšÍ iƒc aviY K‡i| d«v‡Ýi weL¨vZ `vk©wbK fj‡Zqvi, whwb Zvi wecøex gvbwmKZvi Kvi‡b wewfbœ mgq †`kvšÍwiZ n‡qwQ‡jb, wZwb 1778 L„óv‡ã g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| Ava~wbK weÁv‡bi Ab¨Zg Ae`vb we`y¨rkw³i Avwe¯‹viK gvB‡Kj d¨viv‡WI Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib GB kZ‡Ki †klw`‡K 1791 wLªóªv‡ã| d«v‡Ýi BwZnvmL¨vZ mgibvqK †b‡cvwjqvb Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib 1769 wLªóv‡ã| GgbwK c„w_exi Av‡iK cÖvšÍ Av‡gwiKvi ¯^vaxbZvi iƒcKvi RR© IqvwksUb Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| 1732 mv‡j Ges g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib 1799 wLªóv‡ã| (Z_¨m~Î : w` nvb‡WW, AvmMi Lvb iwPZ BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm Ges Av‡gwiKvi mswÿß BwZnvm)
we‡k¦i BwZnv‡mi †gvo cwieZ©‡bi GB hyMmwÜÿ‡Y gymwjg RvwZi Ae¯’v wQj LyeB KiæY Ges `y:LRbK| evwn¨K Ges e¯‘MZ cðvrc`Zv-K~cgÐzKZvi mv‡_ Zv‡`i Avmj m¤ú` AvwZ¥K Ges Ava¨vwZ¥K cZbI ïiæ nq ej‡Z †M‡j G mg‡q| mviv we‡k¦B gymjgvb‡`i Cgvbx, cÖZxwZMZ cÖZ¨wqK, PvwiwÎK GgbwK mvgvwRK AvPvi-c×wZI cZ‡bi wkKvi nq Ges GB kZ‡KB Zv P~ovšÍ iƒc aviY K‡i| we`AvZ, wkiK-Kzdi Ges iæm~‡g †Q‡q hvq mg&¯Í gymwjg wek¦| Av`k©Py¨Z n‡q c‡o mgvR I ivóª|
wVK Ggb mg‡q BwZnv‡mi `yBRb gnvb gbxlx gymwjg we‡k¦i `yÕwU wfbœ wfbœ f’L‡Ð ˆ`eµ‡gB Avwef©~Z nb| ˆ`eµ‡g ejwQ G Kvi‡Y †h, †h cÖwZK~j Ae¯’v Ges cZ‡bi gy‡LvgywL wQj gymwjg wek¦, Zvi gv‡S †Kvb RvwZi BwZnv‡m Ggb e¨w³ m„wóI weij Ges we¯§qKi| Zv‡`i GKRb kvn IqvwjDjøvn (Rb¥ 1114 wn. g„Zz¨ 1176 wn.) Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib fvi‡Zi w`jøxi wbKUeZx© gyRvd&di bM‡ii GK wbf…Z cjøx dzjv‡Z|
Avi GLv‡b †_‡KB wZwb Pvwj‡q hvb Zuvi ms¯‹viKvh©µg| Zvui wgk‡bi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z K‡i m¤ú~Y© wfbœ GKwU `j| hviv Bmjv‡gi mwVK wkÿv I g~j¨‡ev‡ai cÖPvi-cÖmvi Ges ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ ev¯Íe c`‡ÿc Mªn‡Yi gva¨‡g GwM‡q hvb wfbœ GKwU BwZnv‡mi w`‡K| Avi Zv‡`i DËim~ix‡`i gva¨‡gB cÖKvk cvq †`Ie›`x wPšÍv-‡PZbvi GKwU ¯^Zš¿ aviv|
Ab¨w`‡K Avie DcØx‡ci bR‡`i Dqvqbv bvgK GK †Qv&&U MÖv‡g GKB mg‡q AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡ib kvqL gynv¤§` web Avãyj Iqvn&nve bR`x (Rb¥: 1115 wn.- g„Zz¨: 1206 wn
Avi Zuvi gva¨‡g m„wó nq Av‡iKwU avivi| GB avivi Abymvix‡`i‡K ejv nq Iqvnvex|
gynv¤§v` web Avãyj Iqvnnv‡ei msÿxß cwiwPwZ
1703 L„. mv‡j bR‡`i AšÍM©Z Dqvqbv A‡j kvqL gynv¤§` web Avãyj Iqvnnve Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| mviv Avie DcØx‡c a‡g©i bv‡g ZLb bvbv ai‡bi A‰bmjvwgK iæmygvZ, Keic~Rv, cxi‡K †mR`v Kiv BZ¨vw` bvbv ai‡bi Kzms¯‹vi cÖPwjZ wQj|
gynv¤§` web Avãyj Iqvnnve KziAvb mybœvni cÖK…ó Ávb Avni‡Yi mvabvq Zuvi Rxe‡bi cÖv_wgK Aa¨vq e¨q K‡ib| wZwb emiv, evM`v` I Kzw`©¯’v‡b eû ermi emevm K‡ib| bvw`i kv‡ni Avg‡j (1148/1736) B¯úvnv‡b Mgb K‡ib Ges Gwi‡óvUjxq `k©Y, BkivwKqv gZev` I m~dxZË¡ PP©v K‡ib| †mLvb †_‡K Kzg Mgb K‡ib| GLv‡b wZwb nv¤^jx gvhnv‡ei Drmvnx mg_©‡K cwiYZ nb| `xN© mvabv, wbiew”Qbœ Aa¨qb, M‡elYv, ågb Ges bvbv AwfÁZv AR©‡bi ci KyiAvb mybœvni my¯úó Av`k© I MwZc_ m¤ú‡K© wZwb †h †PZbv jvf K‡iwQ‡jb ZviB Av‡jv‡K wZwb mgvRwewbg©v‡bi mvabvq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib| iæmygvZ Ges Kyms¯‹v‡ii weiæ‡× wZwb ¯úó e³e¨ ivL‡Z ïiæ K‡ib Ges cÖK…Z Bmjvgx Rxebv`‡k©i cÖwZ gvbyl‡K `vIqvZ w`‡Z _v‡Kb| bR‡`i `vwiqv A‡ji GK cÖfvekvjx †MvÎcwZ I Rwg`vi wQ‡jb gynv¤§` web mD` (g„. 1765 L„.) wZwb GB Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖwZ AvK…ó n‡q gynv¤§` web Iqvn&nv‡ei wkl¨Z¡ MÖnY K‡ib| G m~Î a‡iB mvD` cwiev‡ii mv‡_ wZwb ˆeevwnK e܇b Ave× nb| gynv¤§` web Avãyj Iqvn&nv‡ei Av`wk©K †PZbvq mg„× Rb‡Mvôx gynv¤§` web mvD‡`i †bZ…‡Z¡ GKwU cÖfvekvjx ivR‰bwZK kw³ wnmv‡e weKwkZ nq Ges GKwU MwZkxj Av‡›`vj‡bi iƒc cwiMÖn K‡i| Zviv LÐ LÐ hy×vwfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡i bR` I Zvi Avkcv‡ki †MvÎkvwmZ AÂj¸‡jv `Lj K‡i †bq| my`xN© 28 ermi ch©šÍ Zv‡`i GB hy×vwfhvb Ae¨vnZ _v‡K Ges GK wekvj f~LÐ Zviv wb‡R‡`i wbqš¿‡Y wb‡q †bq| wewRZ AÂjmg~‡n GB Av`wk©K †PZbvi cÖwZdjb NUv‡bv nq Ges KziAvb mybœvni Av‡jv‡K cÖkvmwbK AeKvVv‡gv M‡o †Zvjv nq| me©Î gReyZ `yM© wbg©vb Kiv nq Ges kiqx cÖ_vq KvRx I gydZx wb‡qvM Kiv nq| 1773 mv‡j GB evwnbx GKwU P~ovšÍ hy‡× wiqv‡`i kvmK `vnnvg‡K civwRZ †mLv‡b wb‡R‡`i wbqš¿b cÖwZôv K‡i| 1792 mvj Z_v 1206 wnRix‡Z GB gnvb ms¯‹viK cicv‡i cvwo Rgvb|
kvn IqvwjDjøv †`njfx in. Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib 1114 wnRix‡Z Ges g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib 1167 wnRix‡Z| †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, kvqL gynv¤§` web Avãyj Iqvn&nve kvn IqvwjDjøvni GK ermi c‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Ges cÖvq 90 ermi eq‡m kvn IqvwjDjøvni g„Zz¨i 30 ermi c‡i Bnavg Z¨vM K‡ib|
(Z_¨m~Î: Zvix‡L `vIqvZ I AvhxgZ, Bmjvgx AvKx`v, †`Ie›` Av‡›`vjb)
wn›`y¯Ív‡bi Ae¯’v Ges kvn IqvwjDjøvn I Zuvi DËim~ix‡`i cÖ‡Póv
Gw`‡K wn›`y¯Ív‡bi gymwjg kvmb ûgwKi gy‡L c‡o hvq `xN© 5/6 kZ ermi ivRZ¡ Kivi ci| AvIi½‡R‡ei (1618-1770 L„óvã) c‡i Avi †KD Ggb Av‡mbwb, whwb eyw× Ges cÖÁvi gva¨‡g wUwK‡q ivL‡eb gymwjg m¤ªvR¨| Af¨šÍixY †Kv›`j, ewnkÎæi Avµgb Ges wb‡R‡`i g~j¨‡ev‡ai Aeÿq, cðvrc`Zv Ges K~cgÐzKZvi Kvi‡Y wn›`y¯’v‡bi gymjgvbiv ZLb wewfbœfv‡e cÖ`wgZ| Avi GB my‡hvM‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q ÿgZv‡jvjyc m¤ªvR¨ev`x Bs‡iRiv 1757 L„óv‡ã kvn mv‡n‡ei wZ‡ivav‡bi gvÎ K‡qK ermi c~‡e©B cjvkxi cÖvšÍ‡i beve wmivRy‡ÏŠjv‡K civwRZ K‡i| kvn mv‡n‡ei g„Zz¨i `yB ermi ci 23 A‡±vei 1766 L„óvã †gvZv‡eK 1178 wnRix‡Z GK hy‡× Zviv myRvD`‡`Šjv‡K civwRZ K‡i| 1799 L„óv‡ã (1214 wn.) myjZvb wUcy‡KI civwRZ K‡i| kvn IqvwjDjøvn Zvi `~i`„wó Ges wePÿYZv Øviv eû c~‡e©B GK_v Abyaveb Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb †h, GLwb AvhvwPZ kÎæi cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †Kvb e¨e¯’v bv Kiv n‡j Ae¯’v n‡e fqven| wb‡R‡`i ¯^vaxbZv I mve©‡fŠg‡Ëi mv‡_ mv‡_ Bgvb-AvwK`v Ges wPšÍv-‡PZbvI wemR©b w`‡Z n‡e G‡`i nv‡Z| myZivs GLwb †Kvb Kvh©Kwi mycwiKwíZ e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| †mB j‡ÿ¨ GKwU Av`k© `j M‡o Zz‡jb wZwb| GB `jwUi ciewZ© cÖRb¥B kvn mv‡n‡ei g„Zz¨i gvÎ 101 ermi 1846 mv‡j cÖwZôv K‡ib †`Ie›` gv`ªvmv| †`Ie›`x Ijvgv‡q Zv‡`i c~e©myix‡`i gZ wbôvi mv‡_ KvR K‡i hvb Ges Bs‡iR‡`i‡K †`kQvov Kivi Rb¨ †Mvc‡b Ges cÖKv‡k¨ wewfbœ Kg©m~wP MÖnY Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| Bs‡iRivI ey‡S †d‡j ‡h, GB Avwjg mgvR‡K `gb bv Kiv †M‡j Avgiv †ewkw`b G‡`‡k wUK‡Z cvi‡ev bv| ZvB wewfbœ †KŠk‡j Zviv Avwjg‡`i‡K ch©y`¯Í I wbRx©e Ki‡Z _v‡K Ges RbmvaviY †_‡K Zv‡`i‡K wew”Qbœ Kivi Ac‡Póvq †g‡Z D‡V| Avi GRb¨ †jwj‡q †`q Avng` †iRv Lvb †e‡ijfxi (1856-1921/1272-1340) gZ wKQz ¯^v_©‡jvjyc c`‡jnx †kÖYx‡K Avng` †iRv Lvb I Zvi Abymvix †e`vZxiv Bs‡i‡Ri c„ô‡cvlKZvq mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q cÖPvi K‡i †eovq †h, GB me †`Ie›`xiv Iqvnvex‡`i wkl¨| Giv Ges Iqvnvexiv GKB gZv`‡k©i Abymvix|
`yB Rvgv‡Zi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© Ges †hvMv‡hvM
e¯‘Z †`Ie›`xiv Iqvnvex‡`i wkl¨Z¡ MÖnY †Zv `~‡ii K_v eis cÖ_gw`‡K A‡bK †`Ie›`x Av‡jg Zv‡`i m¤ú‡K© bv Rvbvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i weiæ‡× eB-cÎ ch©šÍ wj‡L‡Qb| hvi wKQz eY©bv GKUz c‡i Avm‡Q| kvn IqvwjDjøv Ges kvBL Be‡b Iqvnnve GK hy‡Mi gvbyl nIqv ¯^‡Ë¡I Zv‡`i gv‡S ‡`Lv nIqv †Zv `~‡ii K_v Zv‡`i GKRb Av‡iKRb‡K Rvb‡Zb Ggb †Kvb cÖgvbI cvIqv hvq bv| kvn IqvwjDjøvn 1142wnRix‡Z n‡R¡i D‡Ï‡k¨ g°v-gw`bvq hvb| †m mgq kvBL Be‡b Iqvnnve bR‡` wQ‡jb| Zvi cÖfve ZLb g°v-gw`bvq we¯Í…Z nqwb Ges gynv¤§` web mvD` ZLbI Zvi nv‡Z evqvZ MÖnb K‡ibwb| kvn m‡n‡ei AvieMg‡Yi cÖvq GKk ermi ci 1822 L„óv‡ã ˆmq` Avngvv` knx` ivn. (1201-1246 wn./1786-1830 L„) I Zvi mw½iv n‡R¡ hvb| kvBL Be‡b Iqvnnve Zvi 30 ermi c~‡e©B g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib Ges 1818 mv‡ji 6B GwcÖj ZzwK© †mbvcwZ Beªvwng cvkvi nv‡Z mvD‡`i cyÎ Avãyjøvni AvZ¥mgc©‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q Iqvnvex‡`i cZb nq| ˆmq` Avng` knx` hLb n‡R¡ hvb ZLb g°v-gw`bvq Iqvnvex‡`i †Kvb wPýI wQj bv| myZivs Zvi wkl¨Z¡ MÖn‡bI †Kvb cÖkœB D‡V bv| Gic‡i kvn mv‡n‡ei g„Zz¨i 101 ermi c‡i †`Ie›` gv`ivmv cÖwZwôZ nq| GB mg‡qi gv‡S GB `yB `‡ji cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i †Kvb hyMm~Î cvIqv hvq bv| wKš‘ cÖ_‡g Bs‡iRiv Ges cieZx©‡Z †e`vZxiv GB AccÖPvi Pvjvq †h, †`Ie›`xiv Iqvnnvex| GB Acev` Av‡ivc K‡i Zviv Rbmvavi‡Yi g‡b †`Ie›`x‡`i cÖwZ N„bv m„wói AccÖqvm Pvjvq| kvqL gynv¤§` web Avãyj Iqvnnv‡ei Abymvix wKQz KÆicš’x Iqvn&nexi Kvh©Kjv‡ci Kvi‡Y †h‡nZz mviv we‡k¦i gymjgvb‡`i AšÍ‡i Zv‡`i cÖwZ N„bv R‡b¥wQj †m‡nZz †`Ie›`x‡`i‡K Iqvnnex Acev` †`Iqvi Kvi‡Y A‡bK mvaviY gvbylI †`Ie›`x‡`i‡K ivm~j I Bmjvgwe‡Ølx GKwU åvšÍ `j g‡b Ki‡Z _v‡K| Aek¨ mZ¨v‡š^lx gvby‡li Kv‡Q ev¯ÍeZv †ekxw`b A¯úó _v‡Kwb| Zvn‡j †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, Bs‡iRiv †`Ie›`x‡`i Bs‡iR we‡ØlbxwZi Kvi‡b Avi †e`vZxiv wb‡R‡`i PvUzKvixZvi bxwZi Kvi‡b Ges †`Ie›`x‡`i †e`vZweiæax f~wgKvi Kvi‡b †`Ie›`x‡`i weiæ‡× G‡nb AccÖPvi Pvjvq e¯‘Z: Zviv GK wX‡j `yB cvwL wkKv‡ii †Póv K‡i| GKmv‡_ `ywU nK Rvgv‡Zi weiæ‡× cÖcvMvÐv Pvwj‡q hvq|
kvB‡Li weiæ‡× cÖcvMvÐv Ges Ijvgv‡q n‡K¡i Dci Zvi cÖfve
kvBL gynv¤§` web Avãyj Iqvn&ne g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib 1206 wn. Z_v 1792 L„óv‡ã| kvq‡Li g„Zz¨i 12 ermi ci 1218 wnRix‡Z mvE` es‡ki †bZ…Z¡vaxb kvq‡Li Abymvixiv g°v-g`xbvi Ici Avµgb K‡i Ges we`AvZ D‡”Q‡`i bv‡g Gme A‡j we`¨gvb mvnvex‡`i ¯§„wZweRwoZ ¯’vbmg~n‡K mg~‡j wbwðý K‡i †d‡j| Zv‡`i Gme AvPi‡Yi Kvi‡Y wek¦gymwj‡gi AšÍ‡i Zv‡`i cÖwZ weiƒc cÖwZwµqv m„wó nq| Zv‡`i Gme AvPiY‡K cuywR K‡i ZrKvjxb Avi‡ei Ab¨vb¨ †MvÎcwZiv kvq‡Li weiæ‡× wewfbœ AccÖPvi Pvjvq| A_P kvq‡Li Abymvix‡`i ga¨ †_‡K wKQz AwZDrmvnx gvbylB Gfv‡e mvnvex‡`i Kei¸wj‡K aŸsm K‡i| wZwb †eu‡P _vK‡j G¸wj ¯^xK…wZ w`‡Zb Ggb K_v Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi bv| wKš‘ Zuvi weiæ‡× Ggb †Rv‡i‡kv‡i AccÖPvi Pj‡Z _v‡K †h, n°vbx Djvgv‡q †KivgI Zvi cÖfve †_‡K gy³ _vK‡Z cv‡ibwb|
kvqL Avng` hvBbx `vnjvb (g„. 1304. wn) whwb Zuvi hy‡M kv‡dqx gvhnv‡ei me‡P‡q eo gydZx e‡j MY¨ n‡Zb| wZwb Iqvnvex‡`i weiæ‡× ¯^Zš¿ MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib|
wek¦e‡iY¨ wdKvnwekvi` Avjøvgv Be‡b Av‡e`xb kvgx i. (1198-1252 wn./1784-1836 L„.) ch©šÍ Gme cÖcvMvÐvq cÖfvweZ n‡q c‡ob Ges kvqL I Zvi Abymvix‡`i m¤ú‡K© K‡Vvi gšÍe¨ K‡ib| A_P wZwb kvq‡Li KvQvKvwQ mg‡qi Ges KvQvKvwQ A‡ji Awaevmx wQ‡jb| wZwb Zuvi weL¨vZ MÖš’ iÏyj gynvZv‡ii wRnv` Aa¨v‡q kvq‡Li Abymvix‡`i‡K Lv‡iRx e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib Ges Zvui I Zuvi Abymvix‡`i m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ wfwËnxb K_v wjwce× K‡ib| Avjøvgv kvgx kÎæ‡`i AccÖPv‡i GZUvB cÖfvweZ wQ‡jb †h, GB `jwU m¤ú‡K© mvgvb¨ Rvbvi Ges evuP-wePvi KiviI cÖ‡qvRb g‡b K‡ibwb| kvgx in. Zv‡`i m¤ú‡K© GZB AÁ wQ‡jb †h, kvq‡Li bvgUvi †ÿ‡ÎI fzj K‡i e‡mb| wZwb †j‡Lb, Lv‡iRx nIqvi Rb¨ wb‡R‡`i wecixZ wPšÍvi gvbyl m¤ú‡K© Kv‡di n‡q hvIqvi aviYv †cvlbB h‡_ó| †hgb Avgv‡`i hy‡M Avgiv Avãyj Iqvnnv‡ei Abymvix‡`i gv‡S †`L‡Z cvB, hviv bR` †_‡K †ewi‡q nvivgvB‡bi Ici Avµgb K‡i‡Q| Zviv nv¤^jx gvhnv‡ei Abymvix, wKš‘ Zv‡`i mgm¨v n‡jv, Zviv Giƒc aviYv †cvlY K‡ib †h, hvivB Zv‡`i AvKx`v-wek¦v‡mi weiæwaZv Ki‡e ZvivB gykwiK e‡j MY¨ n‡e| GB wfwˇZB Zviv Avnjym mybœvn Iqvj RvgvÔAv‡Zi Abymvix Avwjg‡`i‡K nZ¨v Kiv nvjvj g‡b K‡i‡Q| Avjøvn Zv‡`i Dci 1233 wnRix‡Z weRq jvf K‡i‡Q|
dvZvIqv‡q kvgx, LÐ:6, c„ôv 413 (gvKZvev‡q hvKvwiqv †`Ie›` †_‡K gyw`ªZ)
GKBfv‡e Avjøvgv KvRx kvIKvbx (g„. 1255 wn.) Ges bIqve wmÏxK nvmvb Lvb wKbœvIRx (1832-1889) kvq‡Li K‡Vvi mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib|
Ae¯’v`„‡ó hZ`yi †evSv hvq Zv‡Z g‡b nq †h, we‡ivaxiv kvq‡Li RxeÏkv‡ZB Zuvi weiæ‡× wg_¨v ev‡bvqvU bvbv¸Re Qwo‡q †`q| kvqL hLb Ggb AccÖPv‡ii Lei †c‡jb Ges †`L‡Z †c‡jb †h, AvwjgivI Zvi m¤ú‡K© g›` aviYv †cvlY Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q, ZLb wZwb Zuvi QvÎ Avãyj Avhxh Avj ûmvBb‡K GKwU cÎ w`‡q g°vi Avwjg‡`i Kv‡Q cvVv‡jb| Zv‡Z wZwb GK RvqMvq wb‡R‡`i m¤ú‡K© †j‡Lb, ÔAvjøvni cÖksmv| Avgiv Bgvg Avng` in.-Gi Abymvix; bZzb wKQz D™¢vebKvix bB| Avi Avwg (kvqL) Avjøvn, Zuvi †d‡ikZv Ges †Zvgv‡`i‡K mvÿ¨ †i‡L ejwQ †h, Avwg Avjøvn I Zuvi ivmy‡ji `x‡bi Dc‡i AvwQ Ges Avwg Avn‡j Bj‡gi AbymiY Kwi|Õ
Ab¨ GKwU c‡Î wj‡Lb, ÔAvjøvni Rb¨B mKj cÖmskv| Avwg Abymvix, D™¢veK bB, Avgvi AvwK`v Ges ag©-wek¦vm †mUvB, †h AvwK`v Ges ag© wek¦v‡mi Dci Avn‡j mybœvZ Iqvj RvgvAvZ Av‡Q| hvi Dc‡i Pvi Bgvg Ges Zvi Abymvixiv we`¨gvb| †gvUK_v ZvInx‡`i cÖwZ Avnevb Ges wkiK †_‡K evav cÖ`vb e¨wZZ hv wKQz Avgv‡`i m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡”Q me Avgv‡`i Dci ¯úó Acev` ˆe Avi wKQz bq| (gb&Ryi †bvgvbx in. wjwLZ ÔkvqL gynv¤§` web Avãyj Iqvnnve‡K wLjvd cÖ‡cMv‡ÐÕ c„. 57 †_‡K M„wnZ|)
mvnvivbcyix in. I gv`vbx in. Gi fyj ms‡kvab Ges wee„wZ cÖ`vb
Gfv‡e kvqL Ges kvq‡Li g„Zz¨i c‡i Zvi †Q‡j Avãyjøvn Be‡b gynv¤§` cÎ wj‡L Ges cy¯ÍK iPbv K‡i Zv‡`i weiæ‡× Qov‡bv ¸Re mg~‡ni DËi †`b| wKš‘ Zv‡`i Gme †jLv weiæax‡`i AccÖPv‡ii fx‡o nvwi‡q hvq| Avi Gme AccÖPv‡ii d‡j Avgv‡`i †`Ie›`x Ijvgv‡q †KivgI cÖfvweZ n‡q c‡ob| †`Ie›`x gvQjv‡Ki Ab¨Zg gwblx Lwjj Avng` mvnvivbcyix in. (1269-1346wn./1852-1927 L„.) 1325 wnRix‡Z ÔZvQw`KvZÕ wKZv‡e, †hwU wZwb nvivgvBb kvwidvB‡bi Avwjg‡`i cÖ‡kœi Dˇi wj‡LwQ‡jb, †mLv‡b wZwb Iqvnnvex‡`i Avnjym-mybœvn Iqvj RvgvZ †_‡K LvwiR e‡j gšÍe¨ K‡ib| cieZx©‡Z wZwb ev¯Íe Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© AeMZ ‡nvb| myZivs wZwb GB NUbvi 20 ermi c‡i hLb 1344 wnRix‡Z gw`bvq wnRiZ K‡i hvb ZLb wZwb c~‡e©i gZ †_‡K wd‡i Av‡mb Ges jv‡nv‡ii ZrKvjxb ˆ`wbK cwÎKv‡Z Zvi wee„wZ Qvcv‡bv nq| †mLv‡b wZwb ¯úófv‡e Iqvnnvex‡`i A‡bK cÖksmv K‡ib| †`Ie‡›`i Rb¨ GK gwblx kvBLyj Bmjvg nhiZ gvIjvbv ûmvBb Avngv` gv`vbx in (1296-1377 L„./1879-1957L„.) 1910 mv‡j ÔAvk-wknveym mvwKeÕ bv‡g GKwU wKZve wj‡Lb †mLv‡b wZwb Iqvnnvex‡`i m¤ú‡K© †j‡Lb †h, Avn‡j Avie Iqvnnvex‡`i‡K Bû`x-bvmviv, wn›`y Ges AwMœcyRK‡`i †P‡q I AwaK N„bv K‡i (c„. 47) wKš‘ G wKZve wjLvi 14 ermi c‡i 1924 L„óv‡ã kixd ûmvBb‡K nwU‡q g°v-gw`bvi ÿgZv `Lj K‡i †bq| eZ©gvb †mŠ`x ivResk hviv kvqL gynv¤§` web Avãyj Iqvnnv‡ei Abymvix Iqvnnvex wQj| Gi d‡j Zv‡`i m¤ú‡K© bZzb K‡i Rvbvi my‡hvM nq| myZivs wZwbI 1925 L„óv‡ã ÔRwg`viÕ cwÎKv‡ZB GK wee„wZi gva¨‡g Zvi c~‡e©i †_‡K wd‡i Av‡mb| (m~Î: gb&Ryi †bvÔgvbx wjwLZ kvqL‡K wLjvd cÖ‡cMv‡Ð) c„. 41 Ges 82 c„ôvi mvims‡ÿc)
‡`Ie›`x Ges Iqvnnex‡`i gv‡S wgj-Awgj cÖmsM
GKZ¡ev‡`i wek¦vm‡K ¯úó Kib, KziAvb kixd †_‡K Zvi cÖgvb Dc¯’vcb Ges ZvInx‡`i DjywnqvZ I ZvInx‡` iæe~weqv‡Zi gv‡S cv_©K¨ wbY©q, ZvInx` I mybœ‡Zi cÖwZ Avnevb, wkiK we`vÔAvZI iæm~gv‡Zi weiæaxZv, evwZ‡ji weiæ‡× wRnv` Ges A¯¿aviY Ges beex c×wZ‡Z Avjøvni GB Rgx‡b †LjvdZ cÖwZôvi R‡b¨ me©všÍKi‡b †Póv Z`exi Kiv BZ¨vw` wel‡q †`Ie›`x gvQjvK Ges Iqvnnex‡`i gv‡S PgrKvi mv`„m¨ cvIqv hvq| Gi d‡j Ggb åg nIqv m¤¢e bq †h, Dfq Av‡›`vj‡bi gv‡S †Kvb †hvMm~Î Av‡Q| GKvi‡YB A‡bK †e`AvZx kvn BmgvCj knx` in. (1193-1246 wn.)-Gi ÔZvKweqvZzj BgvbÕ †K kvBL gynv¤§` web Avãyj Iqvnnv‡ei ÔwKZveyZ ZvInx‡`iÕ Abyev` e‡j †d‡j‡Qb| A_P Dfq wKZv‡ei eY©bv fw½ Ges Avw½K Øviv ¯úóZB cÖwZqgvb nq †h, `yBwU m¤ú~Y© wfbœ wKZve| `yB wKZv‡ei iPbv‰kjx Ges weY¨v‡ki gv‡S mvgvb¨Zg mv`„k¨ cvIqvI gyw¯‹j| hw`I Dfq wKZv‡ei welqe¯‘ Ges e³e¨ GK| GB `yB `‡ji †Rnv`x Av‡›`vj‡bi MwZ-cÖK…wZI A‡bKUv mv`„k¨c~Y©| GKvi‡YB †Kvb kvq‡Li KvQ †_‡K `xÿv MÖnY K‡ib Ges fvi‡Z G‡m Bs‡iRwe‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡b Rwo‡q c‡ob| A_P ˆmq` mv‡ne n‡¾ hvb 1822 L„óv‡ã| Avi kvqL Be‡b Iqvn&nve Zvi 30 ermi c~‡e© ci‡jvK Mgb K‡ib| Zvn‡j wZwb kvq‡Li Kv‡Q Kxfv‡e `xÿ MÖnY Ki‡jb?
hvB †nvK †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, †gŠwjK welq¸wj‡Z GB `yB `‡ji gv‡S †Zgb †Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB| Z‡e wKQz wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© AvwK`vMZ wel‡q gZ‰ØZZv †`Lv hvq| Z‡e Zv †Zgb eo wKQz bq| †m me cv_©‡K¨i wfwˇZ nK¡-evwZj wbwb©Z nq bv| †hgb-Iqvnnvexiv e‡j _v‡K ivmy‡ji iIRv kixd whqvi‡Zi D‡Ï‡k¨ mdi Kiv Rv‡qh bq| bex mv. Ges †bK ev›`v‡`i Dwmjv w`‡q †`vqv Kiv Ges ivm~‡ji iIRvi Kv‡Q Dcw¯’Z n‡q mvjvg Rvbv‡bvi c‡i ivm~‡ji Kv‡Q kvdvqvZ Zje Kiv, eyRyM©‡`i ¯§„wZweRwoZ ¯’vbmg~n †_‡K eiKZ jvf Kiv‡K Zviv we`vÔAvZ g‡b K‡i| Giƒcfv‡e ivm~‡ji kv‡b wjwLZ KweZvq ivm~‡ji Kv‡Q mvnvh¨ cÖv_©bv Ges dwiqv` Rvbv‡bv, hv mvaviYZ cÖZxKx Ges iƒcK n‡q _v‡K ZvI Zv‡`i wbKU Rv‡qh bq| Av‡iKwU wel‡qI Zviv K‡VviZv cÖ`k©b K‡i, ‡mwU n‡jv bvgvh ZiKKvix‡K Kv‡di mve¨¯Í Kiv| Gme gvmAvjvq †`Ie›`xiv Iqvnvex‡`i †_‡K wfbœgZ †cvlY K‡i| Avi Avn‡j Bj‡gi wbKU G K_v my¯úó †h, Gme gvmAvjvq †`Ie›`x Djvgv‡q †Kivg n‡Ki Dci AwawôZ i‡q‡Qb|
(Z_¨ m~Î: gbRyi byÕgvbx wjwLZ cÖcvMv‡Ð cy. 69-76
‡`Ie›`x-Iqvnvex Zzjbvg~jK wePvi Ges Iqvnvex‡`i mwVK g~j¨vqb
Av‡MB D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, kvBL I Zvi Abymvixiv Avi‡ei Avkcvk AÂjmg~‡n †m me KvRB K‡i‡Qb, †h¸wj fviZ e‡l© kvIqvwjDjøvn I Zvi DËim~ix †`Ie›`x Avwjgiv K‡i‡Qb| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Zviv GKB Kg©c×wZ MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| `yB f’L‡Û cÖevwnZ n‡q‡Q GKB b`xi `yBwU aviv| wKš‘ ZvB e‡j GB `yB RvgvÔAv‡Zi gv‡S †Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB GgbwU ejv hv‡e bv| kvn IqvwjDjøvn in. Gi ms¯‹vi Kvh©µ‡gi †h e¨cKZv Avgiv jÿ¨ Kwi Zv wb:m‡›`‡n Iqvnvex‡`i Kg©aviv‡Z Abycw¯’Z| hw`I Zv‡`i wekvj Ae`vb i‡q‡Q|
Iqvnvex‡`i ev¯Íe Ae¯’vb wbY©q Ges mwVK g~j¨vqb wVK ZvB n‡Z cv‡i, hv †`Ie‡›`i Ab¨Zg `xÿv¸iæ nhiZ gvIjvbv ikx` Avng` Mv½ynx (1244-1323 wn. 1829-1905 L„.) Zvi dvZvIqv‡Z D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| GK cÖ‡kœi Dˇi wZwb e‡jb: Ôgynv¤§` web Avãyj Iqvnnve‡K gvbyl Iqvnvex e‡j| wZwb fvj gvbyl wQ‡jv| ï‡bwQ nv¤^jx gvhnv‡ei Abymvix wQ‡jv| nv`x‡mi Dci Avgj Ki‡Zb| we`vÔAvZ, wkiK †_‡K evav w`‡Zv| wKš‘ Zvui ¯^fv‡e wQj K‡VviZv| Zv m‡Ë¡I wZwbI Zvi Abymvixiv fvj| Z‡e hLbB mxgv AwZµg K‡i‡Qb ZLbB Zuv‡`i gv‡S dvmv` G‡m †M‡Q| AvwK`v mevi GKB| Avg‡ji gv‡S cv_©K¨ e¯‘Z nvbvdx, kv‡dqx, gv‡jKx nv¤^jxj cv_©‡K¨i b¨vq|Õ (dvZvIqv‡q ikxw`q¨vn c„. 280, gvKZvev‡q _vbex †`Ie›`))
GB mswÿß K‡qKwU ev‡K¨ †h K_v wZwb e¨³ K‡i‡Qb Zv Iqvnvex‡`i ev¯Íe Ae¯’v‡K Avgv‡`i mvg‡b ¯úó K‡i †`q| cÿcvZ Ges AwZiÄb gy³ GB g~j¨vqb wb:m‡›`‡n GB Rvgv‡Zi mwVK Ae¯’vb wbY©‡q h‡_vchy³ Ges ev¯Íem¤§Z|
mvaviYZfv‡e †e`vÔAvZxiv †h A‡_© Iqvnvex kãwU‡K e¨envi K‡i _v‡K A_©vr Bmjvg‡K weK…ZKvix, ivm~‡ji cÖwZ we‡Øl‡cvlYKvix, †m A‡_© †`Ie›`xiv †hgb Iqvnvex bq, ¯^qs IqvnvexivI †m me Acev` †_‡K m¤ú~Y© gy³| eis mwZ¨Kvi Bmjv‡gi Lv‡`g Ges ivm~‡ji cÖK…Z Abymvix AvR mviv c„w_ex‡Z GB `yB wkwe‡iB mxgve× ej‡j fzj ejv n‡e bv|
hw`I nK I n°vwbqv‡Zi †ÿ‡Î †`Ie›`x Ges Iqvnvex Dfq RvgvZ cÖ`x&ß Av`k© Zzj¨, Dfq `jB KziAvb mybœvni cÖPviKvix| `x‡bi Lv‡`g Ges Bmjv‡gi cªK…ó `vC| Z_vwc †`Ie›`x‡`i †Lv`vfxwZ, ivm~jfw³, AvZ¥ïw×, ZvmvDdPP©v Ges mvjvd cÖxwZ; Bmjv‡gi mZ¨, my›`i Ges Kj¨v‡Yi my¯’ fveaviv iÿvq Zv‡`i eªZ Ghy‡M Zv‡`i ¯^Zš¿ ˆewk‡ó¨ †``xc¨gvb| BdivZ I ZvdixZ `yB cÖvwšÍKZvi gvSvgvwS G‡Z`vj Ges gva¨gcš’v I fvimvg¨c~Y© Av`k©B Zv‡`i wkÔAvi ev cwiPq, †h Kwó cv_‡i Iqvnvexiv cy‡ivcywi DËxY© n‡q‡Q Zv ejv hv‡e bv|
h_v_© e‡j‡Qb mvwq¨` Aveyj nvmvb Avjx b`fx in. Zvi weL¨vZ MÖš’ Zvix‡L `vIqvZ I Avhxgv‡Z| Zuvi e³e¨ Zz‡j a‡iB GB m›`f© †kl KiwQ|
b`fx i.-Gi we‡kølY Ges g~j¨vqb
gvIjvbv Avjx wgquv b`fx in. Iqvnvex Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖwZôvZv kvqL gynv¤§` web Avãyj Iqvnnve Ges †`Ie›`x‡`i Av`wk©K †bZv kvn IqvwjDjøvn †`njfx in. Df‡qi gv‡S Zzjbvg~jK wePvi Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb, ZvInx‡`i AvKx`v ¯^”Q I ¯úóKiY, KziAvb gvRx` †_‡K Zvi cÖgvb Dc¯’vcb, ZvInx‡`i DjywnqvZ Ges ZvInx‡` iæe~wqv‡Zi gv‡S cv_©K¨ wbY©‡qi m¤úK© hZ`~i, †m me †ÿ‡Î kvnIqvwjDjøvn Ges kvqL gynv¤§` Be‡b Avãyj Iqvnnv‡ei wPšÍv-‡PZbv Ges we‡køl‡Y eo mv`„k¨ cwijwÿZ nq| wKš‘ kvn mv‡n‡ei K‡g©i e„Ë Ges Zvi ms¯‹vi g~jK Bmjvnx Kv‡Ri gq`vb Zvi †P‡q A‡bK †ekx cÖk¯Í| †mLv‡b kvn IqvwjDjøvn in.-Gi Kg©Kv‡Ð Bmjvgx Ávb-weÁv‡bi cybiæ¾xeb, Bmjvgx †PZbvq bevqb kixq‡Zi g~j jÿ¨ I M~pZË¡ Avwe¯‹vi, kixqZ Ges Bmjvgx wkÿv‡K †MvQv‡jvfv‡e Ges cwic~Y©iƒ‡c Dc¯’vc‡bi g‡Zv Bjgx Kvibvg Ges Bjgx ¯’weiZv `~ixKiY Ges wdKnx gvhnvemg~‡ni cÿcvZ`yóZvi ms‡kvab, AvKj I bK‡ji gv‡S mgš^q mvab Ges wdKnx gvhnvemg~‡ni gv‡S mgš^‡qi gZ we‡kølYagx© M‡elYvjä KvR; wn›`y¯Ív‡b Bmjvgx †bZ…‡Z¡ msiÿ‡Yi †Póv, AvZ¥ïw× Ges Gnmv‡bi ¯Í‡i †cŠQvi `vIqvZ I Zvi wkÿv`vb Ges Kg©V Dchy³ gvby‡li ZiweqZ GmKj welq Zvi Kg© wgk‡bi AšÍf©~³ wQj|
Gme wKQzi cvkvcvwk kvn mv‡n‡ei GLv‡b BKev‡ji fvlvq wnRvhx evjyKv¯‘c (Z_v wbg©j ZvInx‡`i k³ Rwg‡b) RgR‡gi mywgó cvwb †cÖg fvjevmv Ges b¤ªZv †KvgjZvi `y‡ai bni) I Av‡Q, hv kvn mv‡n‡ei we‡kl cwi‡ek , ZiweqZ Ges ZvmvDd I myj~‡Ki dj|
GB `„wó‡KvY †_‡K †`L‡j kvn mv‡ne Ges kvq‡Li gv‡S Zzjbv Kiv Ges Zv‡`i Df‡qi gv‡S mv`„k¨-g‰ZK¨ A‡š^lY †gv‡UI †hvw³K Ges ev¯Íeagx g‡b nq bv| [Zvix‡L `vIqvZ I AvhxgvZ, L.5, c„: 397 Blr cwiewZ©Z Ges ms‡ÿwcZ]
gydZx dqRyjøvn Avgvb
†`Ie›`xiv wK Iqvnvex? GB cÖ‡kœi Dˇii c~‡e© Avgv‡`i‡K †`Ie›` I Zvi Av`k© Ges Av`wk©K †bZv, Ggwbfv‡e Iqvnvex m¤úª`vq, Zv‡`i Av`k© Ges Zv‡`i cÖavb m¤ú‡K© †gvUv‡gvwU aviYv †bIqv cÖ‡qvRb|
‡`Ie‡›`i Av`wk©K †bZv kvn IqvwjDjøvn in. (1702-1765/1114-1176 wn.) Avi Iqvnvex‡`i cÖavb kvqL gynv¤§` web Avãyj Iqvnnve bR`x| (1703-1792 L„./1115-1206wn.)
Zviv Df‡qB Aóv`k kZ‡Ki cÖwl× `yB gnvb gbxlx| Z‡e Zv‡`i m¤ú‡K© mswÿß GKwU aviYv Aek¨B wb‡Z n‡e| KviY, †Kvb e¨vw³ ev Av`k©‡K wePvi Ki‡Z n‡j KLbB Zv‡K Zvi mgq †_‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i wePvi Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| ZvB Avgiv cÖ_‡g Aóv`k kZ‡Ki we‡k¦i w`‡K wd‡i ZvKve|
Aóv`k kZvãx Ges wek¦ BwZnv‡m cwieZ©‡bi wÿcÖZv
BwZnvm cwieZ©‡bi cÖgvb¨ wPÎ| BwZnvm Aa¨qb Ki‡jB †`Lv hvq, Kxfv‡e c„w_ex‡Z G‡Ki ci GK cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| wKš‘ hv jÿYxq Zv n‡jv, GB cwieZ©‡bi wÿcÖZv Ges ZxeªZv| Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z Avgiv GB wÿcÖZv Ges Zvi cÖPÐZv fxlYfv‡e jÿ¨ Kwi| GB kZvãx‡Z GKB mv‡_ eyw×e„wË, ivRbxwZ, wkí, mvwnZ¨, `k©b Ges weÁv‡bi †ÿ‡Î Avg~j cwieZ©b mywPZ nq Ges Zv LyeB `ªæZMwZ‡Z m¤úbœ nq| cwie‡Z©i wfwË ¯’vcb K‡ib hviv, Zv‡`i gv‡S Ab¨Zg wQ‡jb AvBR¨vK wbDUb| wZwb 1727 wLªóªv‡ã g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| KvQvKvwQ mg‡qB 1725 mv‡j g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib AvaywbK ivwkqvi iƒcKvi Rvi wcUvi `¨v †MÖU| wZwb BD‡iv‡c wM‡q Zv‡`i DbœwZ Ges AMÖhvÎv ¯^P‡ÿ cÖZ¨ÿ K‡ib Ges ¯^‡`k f~wg‡Z cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡i bZzb K‡i M‡o †Zv‡jb ivwkqv‡K| GB kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS mg‡qB BD‡iv‡ci Bsj¨vÛ †_‡K ïiæ nq wkíwecøe Ges Zv Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í Qwo‡q c‡o mviv BD‡iv‡c| Gi wKQz w`b c‡iB m~Pbv nq divmx wecø‡ei| 1790 –Gi gv‡SB hv PzovšÍ iƒc aviY K‡i| d«v‡Ýi weL¨vZ `vk©wbK fj‡Zqvi, whwb Zvi wecøex gvbwmKZvi Kvi‡b wewfbœ mgq †`kvšÍwiZ n‡qwQ‡jb, wZwb 1778 L„óv‡ã g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| Ava~wbK weÁv‡bi Ab¨Zg Ae`vb we`y¨rkw³i Avwe¯‹viK gvB‡Kj d¨viv‡WI Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib GB kZ‡Ki †klw`‡K 1791 wLªóªv‡ã| d«v‡Ýi BwZnvmL¨vZ mgibvqK †b‡cvwjqvb Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib 1769 wLªóv‡ã| GgbwK c„w_exi Av‡iK cÖvšÍ Av‡gwiKvi ¯^vaxbZvi iƒcKvi RR© IqvwksUb Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| 1732 mv‡j Ges g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib 1799 wLªóv‡ã| (Z_¨m~Î : w` nvb‡WW, AvmMi Lvb iwPZ BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm Ges Av‡gwiKvi mswÿß BwZnvm)
we‡k¦i BwZnv‡mi †gvo cwieZ©‡bi GB hyMmwÜÿ‡Y gymwjg RvwZi Ae¯’v wQj LyeB KiæY Ges `y:LRbK| evwn¨K Ges e¯‘MZ cðvrc`Zv-K~cgÐzKZvi mv‡_ Zv‡`i Avmj m¤ú` AvwZ¥K Ges Ava¨vwZ¥K cZbI ïiæ nq ej‡Z †M‡j G mg‡q| mviv we‡k¦B gymjgvb‡`i Cgvbx, cÖZxwZMZ cÖZ¨wqK, PvwiwÎK GgbwK mvgvwRK AvPvi-c×wZI cZ‡bi wkKvi nq Ges GB kZ‡KB Zv P~ovšÍ iƒc aviY K‡i| we`AvZ, wkiK-Kzdi Ges iæm~‡g †Q‡q hvq mg&¯Í gymwjg wek¦| Av`k©Py¨Z n‡q c‡o mgvR I ivóª|
wVK Ggb mg‡q BwZnv‡mi `yBRb gnvb gbxlx gymwjg we‡k¦i `yÕwU wfbœ wfbœ f’L‡Ð ˆ`eµ‡gB Avwef©~Z nb| ˆ`eµ‡g ejwQ G Kvi‡Y †h, †h cÖwZK~j Ae¯’v Ges cZ‡bi gy‡LvgywL wQj gymwjg wek¦, Zvi gv‡S †Kvb RvwZi BwZnv‡m Ggb e¨w³ m„wóI weij Ges we¯§qKi| Zv‡`i GKRb kvn IqvwjDjøvn (Rb¥ 1114 wn. g„Zz¨ 1176 wn.) Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib fvi‡Zi w`jøxi wbKUeZx© gyRvd&di bM‡ii GK wbf…Z cjøx dzjv‡Z|
Avi GLv‡b †_‡KB wZwb Pvwj‡q hvb Zuvi ms¯‹viKvh©µg| Zvui wgk‡bi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z K‡i m¤ú~Y© wfbœ GKwU `j| hviv Bmjv‡gi mwVK wkÿv I g~j¨‡ev‡ai cÖPvi-cÖmvi Ges ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ ev¯Íe c`‡ÿc Mªn‡Yi gva¨‡g GwM‡q hvb wfbœ GKwU BwZnv‡mi w`‡K| Avi Zv‡`i DËim~ix‡`i gva¨‡gB cÖKvk cvq †`Ie›`x wPšÍv-‡PZbvi GKwU ¯^Zš¿ aviv|
Ab¨w`‡K Avie DcØx‡ci bR‡`i Dqvqbv bvgK GK †Qv&&U MÖv‡g GKB mg‡q AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡ib kvqL gynv¤§` web Avãyj Iqvn&nve bR`x (Rb¥: 1115 wn.- g„Zz¨: 1206 wn
Avi Zuvi gva¨‡g m„wó nq Av‡iKwU avivi| GB avivi Abymvix‡`i‡K ejv nq Iqvnvex|gynv¤§v` web Avãyj Iqvnnv‡ei msÿxß cwiwPwZ
1703 L„. mv‡j bR‡`i AšÍM©Z Dqvqbv A‡j kvqL gynv¤§` web Avãyj Iqvnnve Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| mviv Avie DcØx‡c a‡g©i bv‡g ZLb bvbv ai‡bi A‰bmjvwgK iæmygvZ, Keic~Rv, cxi‡K †mR`v Kiv BZ¨vw` bvbv ai‡bi Kzms¯‹vi cÖPwjZ wQj|
gynv¤§` web Avãyj Iqvnnve KziAvb mybœvni cÖK…ó Ávb Avni‡Yi mvabvq Zuvi Rxe‡bi cÖv_wgK Aa¨vq e¨q K‡ib| wZwb emiv, evM`v` I Kzw`©¯’v‡b eû ermi emevm K‡ib| bvw`i kv‡ni Avg‡j (1148/1736) B¯úvnv‡b Mgb K‡ib Ges Gwi‡óvUjxq `k©Y, BkivwKqv gZev` I m~dxZË¡ PP©v K‡ib| †mLvb †_‡K Kzg Mgb K‡ib| GLv‡b wZwb nv¤^jx gvhnv‡ei Drmvnx mg_©‡K cwiYZ nb| `xN© mvabv, wbiew”Qbœ Aa¨qb, M‡elYv, ågb Ges bvbv AwfÁZv AR©‡bi ci KyiAvb mybœvni my¯úó Av`k© I MwZc_ m¤ú‡K© wZwb †h †PZbv jvf K‡iwQ‡jb ZviB Av‡jv‡K wZwb mgvRwewbg©v‡bi mvabvq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib| iæmygvZ Ges Kyms¯‹v‡ii weiæ‡× wZwb ¯úó e³e¨ ivL‡Z ïiæ K‡ib Ges cÖK…Z Bmjvgx Rxebv`‡k©i cÖwZ gvbyl‡K `vIqvZ w`‡Z _v‡Kb| bR‡`i `vwiqv A‡ji GK cÖfvekvjx †MvÎcwZ I Rwg`vi wQ‡jb gynv¤§` web mD` (g„. 1765 L„.) wZwb GB Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖwZ AvK…ó n‡q gynv¤§` web Iqvn&nv‡ei wkl¨Z¡ MÖnY K‡ib| G m~Î a‡iB mvD` cwiev‡ii mv‡_ wZwb ˆeevwnK e܇b Ave× nb| gynv¤§` web Avãyj Iqvn&nv‡ei Av`wk©K †PZbvq mg„× Rb‡Mvôx gynv¤§` web mvD‡`i †bZ…‡Z¡ GKwU cÖfvekvjx ivR‰bwZK kw³ wnmv‡e weKwkZ nq Ges GKwU MwZkxj Av‡›`vj‡bi iƒc cwiMÖn K‡i| Zviv LÐ LÐ hy×vwfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡i bR` I Zvi Avkcv‡ki †MvÎkvwmZ AÂj¸‡jv `Lj K‡i †bq| my`xN© 28 ermi ch©šÍ Zv‡`i GB hy×vwfhvb Ae¨vnZ _v‡K Ges GK wekvj f~LÐ Zviv wb‡R‡`i wbqš¿‡Y wb‡q †bq| wewRZ AÂjmg~‡n GB Av`wk©K †PZbvi cÖwZdjb NUv‡bv nq Ges KziAvb mybœvni Av‡jv‡K cÖkvmwbK AeKvVv‡gv M‡o †Zvjv nq| me©Î gReyZ `yM© wbg©vb Kiv nq Ges kiqx cÖ_vq KvRx I gydZx wb‡qvM Kiv nq| 1773 mv‡j GB evwnbx GKwU P~ovšÍ hy‡× wiqv‡`i kvmK `vnnvg‡K civwRZ †mLv‡b wb‡R‡`i wbqš¿b cÖwZôv K‡i| 1792 mvj Z_v 1206 wnRix‡Z GB gnvb ms¯‹viK cicv‡i cvwo Rgvb|
kvn IqvwjDjøv †`njfx in. Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib 1114 wnRix‡Z Ges g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib 1167 wnRix‡Z| †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, kvqL gynv¤§` web Avãyj Iqvn&nve kvn IqvwjDjøvni GK ermi c‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Ges cÖvq 90 ermi eq‡m kvn IqvwjDjøvni g„Zz¨i 30 ermi c‡i Bnavg Z¨vM K‡ib|
(Z_¨m~Î: Zvix‡L `vIqvZ I AvhxgZ, Bmjvgx AvKx`v, †`Ie›` Av‡›`vjb)
wn›`y¯Ív‡bi Ae¯’v Ges kvn IqvwjDjøvn I Zuvi DËim~ix‡`i cÖ‡Póv
Gw`‡K wn›`y¯Ív‡bi gymwjg kvmb ûgwKi gy‡L c‡o hvq `xN© 5/6 kZ ermi ivRZ¡ Kivi ci| AvIi½‡R‡ei (1618-1770 L„óvã) c‡i Avi †KD Ggb Av‡mbwb, whwb eyw× Ges cÖÁvi gva¨‡g wUwK‡q ivL‡eb gymwjg m¤ªvR¨| Af¨šÍixY †Kv›`j, ewnkÎæi Avµgb Ges wb‡R‡`i g~j¨‡ev‡ai Aeÿq, cðvrc`Zv Ges K~cgÐzKZvi Kvi‡Y wn›`y¯’v‡bi gymjgvbiv ZLb wewfbœfv‡e cÖ`wgZ| Avi GB my‡hvM‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q ÿgZv‡jvjyc m¤ªvR¨ev`x Bs‡iRiv 1757 L„óv‡ã kvn mv‡n‡ei wZ‡ivav‡bi gvÎ K‡qK ermi c~‡e©B cjvkxi cÖvšÍ‡i beve wmivRy‡ÏŠjv‡K civwRZ K‡i| kvn mv‡n‡ei g„Zz¨i `yB ermi ci 23 A‡±vei 1766 L„óvã †gvZv‡eK 1178 wnRix‡Z GK hy‡× Zviv myRvD`‡`Šjv‡K civwRZ K‡i| 1799 L„óv‡ã (1214 wn.) myjZvb wUcy‡KI civwRZ K‡i| kvn IqvwjDjøvn Zvi `~i`„wó Ges wePÿYZv Øviv eû c~‡e©B GK_v Abyaveb Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb †h, GLwb AvhvwPZ kÎæi cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †Kvb e¨e¯’v bv Kiv n‡j Ae¯’v n‡e fqven| wb‡R‡`i ¯^vaxbZv I mve©‡fŠg‡Ëi mv‡_ mv‡_ Bgvb-AvwK`v Ges wPšÍv-‡PZbvI wemR©b w`‡Z n‡e G‡`i nv‡Z| myZivs GLwb †Kvb Kvh©Kwi mycwiKwíZ e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| †mB j‡ÿ¨ GKwU Av`k© `j M‡o Zz‡jb wZwb| GB `jwUi ciewZ© cÖRb¥B kvn mv‡n‡ei g„Zz¨i gvÎ 101 ermi 1846 mv‡j cÖwZôv K‡ib †`Ie›` gv`ªvmv| †`Ie›`x Ijvgv‡q Zv‡`i c~e©myix‡`i gZ wbôvi mv‡_ KvR K‡i hvb Ges Bs‡iR‡`i‡K †`kQvov Kivi Rb¨ †Mvc‡b Ges cÖKv‡k¨ wewfbœ Kg©m~wP MÖnY Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| Bs‡iRivI ey‡S †d‡j ‡h, GB Avwjg mgvR‡K `gb bv Kiv †M‡j Avgiv †ewkw`b G‡`‡k wUK‡Z cvi‡ev bv| ZvB wewfbœ †KŠk‡j Zviv Avwjg‡`i‡K ch©y`¯Í I wbRx©e Ki‡Z _v‡K Ges RbmvaviY †_‡K Zv‡`i‡K wew”Qbœ Kivi Ac‡Póvq †g‡Z D‡V| Avi GRb¨ †jwj‡q †`q Avng` †iRv Lvb †e‡ijfxi (1856-1921/1272-1340) gZ wKQz ¯^v_©‡jvjyc c`‡jnx †kÖYx‡K Avng` †iRv Lvb I Zvi Abymvix †e`vZxiv Bs‡i‡Ri c„ô‡cvlKZvq mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q cÖPvi K‡i †eovq †h, GB me †`Ie›`xiv Iqvnvex‡`i wkl¨| Giv Ges Iqvnvexiv GKB gZv`‡k©i Abymvix|
`yB Rvgv‡Zi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© Ges †hvMv‡hvM
e¯‘Z †`Ie›`xiv Iqvnvex‡`i wkl¨Z¡ MÖnY †Zv `~‡ii K_v eis cÖ_gw`‡K A‡bK †`Ie›`x Av‡jg Zv‡`i m¤ú‡K© bv Rvbvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i weiæ‡× eB-cÎ ch©šÍ wj‡L‡Qb| hvi wKQz eY©bv GKUz c‡i Avm‡Q| kvn IqvwjDjøv Ges kvBL Be‡b Iqvnnve GK hy‡Mi gvbyl nIqv ¯^‡Ë¡I Zv‡`i gv‡S ‡`Lv nIqv †Zv `~‡ii K_v Zv‡`i GKRb Av‡iKRb‡K Rvb‡Zb Ggb †Kvb cÖgvbI cvIqv hvq bv| kvn IqvwjDjøvn 1142wnRix‡Z n‡R¡i D‡Ï‡k¨ g°v-gw`bvq hvb| †m mgq kvBL Be‡b Iqvnnve bR‡` wQ‡jb| Zvi cÖfve ZLb g°v-gw`bvq we¯Í…Z nqwb Ges gynv¤§` web mvD` ZLbI Zvi nv‡Z evqvZ MÖnb K‡ibwb| kvn m‡n‡ei AvieMg‡Yi cÖvq GKk ermi ci 1822 L„óv‡ã ˆmq` Avngvv` knx` ivn. (1201-1246 wn./1786-1830 L„) I Zvi mw½iv n‡R¡ hvb| kvBL Be‡b Iqvnnve Zvi 30 ermi c~‡e©B g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib Ges 1818 mv‡ji 6B GwcÖj ZzwK© †mbvcwZ Beªvwng cvkvi nv‡Z mvD‡`i cyÎ Avãyjøvni AvZ¥mgc©‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q Iqvnvex‡`i cZb nq| ˆmq` Avng` knx` hLb n‡R¡ hvb ZLb g°v-gw`bvq Iqvnvex‡`i †Kvb wPýI wQj bv| myZivs Zvi wkl¨Z¡ MÖn‡bI †Kvb cÖkœB D‡V bv| Gic‡i kvn mv‡n‡ei g„Zz¨i 101 ermi c‡i †`Ie›` gv`ivmv cÖwZwôZ nq| GB mg‡qi gv‡S GB `yB `‡ji cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i †Kvb hyMm~Î cvIqv hvq bv| wKš‘ cÖ_‡g Bs‡iRiv Ges cieZx©‡Z †e`vZxiv GB AccÖPvi Pvjvq †h, †`Ie›`xiv Iqvnnvex| GB Acev` Av‡ivc K‡i Zviv Rbmvavi‡Yi g‡b †`Ie›`x‡`i cÖwZ N„bv m„wói AccÖqvm Pvjvq| kvqL gynv¤§` web Avãyj Iqvnnv‡ei Abymvix wKQz KÆicš’x Iqvn&nexi Kvh©Kjv‡ci Kvi‡Y †h‡nZz mviv we‡k¦i gymjgvb‡`i AšÍ‡i Zv‡`i cÖwZ N„bv R‡b¥wQj †m‡nZz †`Ie›`x‡`i‡K Iqvnnex Acev` †`Iqvi Kvi‡Y A‡bK mvaviY gvbylI †`Ie›`x‡`i‡K ivm~j I Bmjvgwe‡Ølx GKwU åvšÍ `j g‡b Ki‡Z _v‡K| Aek¨ mZ¨v‡š^lx gvby‡li Kv‡Q ev¯ÍeZv †ekxw`b A¯úó _v‡Kwb| Zvn‡j †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, Bs‡iRiv †`Ie›`x‡`i Bs‡iR we‡ØlbxwZi Kvi‡b Avi †e`vZxiv wb‡R‡`i PvUzKvixZvi bxwZi Kvi‡b Ges †`Ie›`x‡`i †e`vZweiæax f~wgKvi Kvi‡b †`Ie›`x‡`i weiæ‡× G‡nb AccÖPvi Pvjvq e¯‘Z: Zviv GK wX‡j `yB cvwL wkKv‡ii †Póv K‡i| GKmv‡_ `ywU nK Rvgv‡Zi weiæ‡× cÖcvMvÐv Pvwj‡q hvq|
kvB‡Li weiæ‡× cÖcvMvÐv Ges Ijvgv‡q n‡K¡i Dci Zvi cÖfve
kvBL gynv¤§` web Avãyj Iqvn&ne g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib 1206 wn. Z_v 1792 L„óv‡ã| kvq‡Li g„Zz¨i 12 ermi ci 1218 wnRix‡Z mvE` es‡ki †bZ…Z¡vaxb kvq‡Li Abymvixiv g°v-g`xbvi Ici Avµgb K‡i Ges we`AvZ D‡”Q‡`i bv‡g Gme A‡j we`¨gvb mvnvex‡`i ¯§„wZweRwoZ ¯’vbmg~n‡K mg~‡j wbwðý K‡i †d‡j| Zv‡`i Gme AvPi‡Yi Kvi‡Y wek¦gymwj‡gi AšÍ‡i Zv‡`i cÖwZ weiƒc cÖwZwµqv m„wó nq| Zv‡`i Gme AvPiY‡K cuywR K‡i ZrKvjxb Avi‡ei Ab¨vb¨ †MvÎcwZiv kvq‡Li weiæ‡× wewfbœ AccÖPvi Pvjvq| A_P kvq‡Li Abymvix‡`i ga¨ †_‡K wKQz AwZDrmvnx gvbylB Gfv‡e mvnvex‡`i Kei¸wj‡K aŸsm K‡i| wZwb †eu‡P _vK‡j G¸wj ¯^xK…wZ w`‡Zb Ggb K_v Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi bv| wKš‘ Zuvi weiæ‡× Ggb †Rv‡i‡kv‡i AccÖPvi Pj‡Z _v‡K †h, n°vbx Djvgv‡q †KivgI Zvi cÖfve †_‡K gy³ _vK‡Z cv‡ibwb|
kvqL Avng` hvBbx `vnjvb (g„. 1304. wn) whwb Zuvi hy‡M kv‡dqx gvhnv‡ei me‡P‡q eo gydZx e‡j MY¨ n‡Zb| wZwb Iqvnvex‡`i weiæ‡× ¯^Zš¿ MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib|
wek¦e‡iY¨ wdKvnwekvi` Avjøvgv Be‡b Av‡e`xb kvgx i. (1198-1252 wn./1784-1836 L„.) ch©šÍ Gme cÖcvMvÐvq cÖfvweZ n‡q c‡ob Ges kvqL I Zvi Abymvix‡`i m¤ú‡K© K‡Vvi gšÍe¨ K‡ib| A_P wZwb kvq‡Li KvQvKvwQ mg‡qi Ges KvQvKvwQ A‡ji Awaevmx wQ‡jb| wZwb Zuvi weL¨vZ MÖš’ iÏyj gynvZv‡ii wRnv` Aa¨v‡q kvq‡Li Abymvix‡`i‡K Lv‡iRx e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib Ges Zvui I Zuvi Abymvix‡`i m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ wfwËnxb K_v wjwce× K‡ib| Avjøvgv kvgx kÎæ‡`i AccÖPv‡i GZUvB cÖfvweZ wQ‡jb †h, GB `jwU m¤ú‡K© mvgvb¨ Rvbvi Ges evuP-wePvi KiviI cÖ‡qvRb g‡b K‡ibwb| kvgx in. Zv‡`i m¤ú‡K© GZB AÁ wQ‡jb †h, kvq‡Li bvgUvi †ÿ‡ÎI fzj K‡i e‡mb| wZwb †j‡Lb, Lv‡iRx nIqvi Rb¨ wb‡R‡`i wecixZ wPšÍvi gvbyl m¤ú‡K© Kv‡di n‡q hvIqvi aviYv †cvlbB h‡_ó| †hgb Avgv‡`i hy‡M Avgiv Avãyj Iqvnnv‡ei Abymvix‡`i gv‡S †`L‡Z cvB, hviv bR` †_‡K †ewi‡q nvivgvB‡bi Ici Avµgb K‡i‡Q| Zviv nv¤^jx gvhnv‡ei Abymvix, wKš‘ Zv‡`i mgm¨v n‡jv, Zviv Giƒc aviYv †cvlY K‡ib †h, hvivB Zv‡`i AvKx`v-wek¦v‡mi weiæwaZv Ki‡e ZvivB gykwiK e‡j MY¨ n‡e| GB wfwˇZB Zviv Avnjym mybœvn Iqvj RvgvÔAv‡Zi Abymvix Avwjg‡`i‡K nZ¨v Kiv nvjvj g‡b K‡i‡Q| Avjøvn Zv‡`i Dci 1233 wnRix‡Z weRq jvf K‡i‡Q|
dvZvIqv‡q kvgx, LÐ:6, c„ôv 413 (gvKZvev‡q hvKvwiqv †`Ie›` †_‡K gyw`ªZ)
GKBfv‡e Avjøvgv KvRx kvIKvbx (g„. 1255 wn.) Ges bIqve wmÏxK nvmvb Lvb wKbœvIRx (1832-1889) kvq‡Li K‡Vvi mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib|
Ae¯’v`„‡ó hZ`yi †evSv hvq Zv‡Z g‡b nq †h, we‡ivaxiv kvq‡Li RxeÏkv‡ZB Zuvi weiæ‡× wg_¨v ev‡bvqvU bvbv¸Re Qwo‡q †`q| kvqL hLb Ggb AccÖPv‡ii Lei †c‡jb Ges †`L‡Z †c‡jb †h, AvwjgivI Zvi m¤ú‡K© g›` aviYv †cvlY Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q, ZLb wZwb Zuvi QvÎ Avãyj Avhxh Avj ûmvBb‡K GKwU cÎ w`‡q g°vi Avwjg‡`i Kv‡Q cvVv‡jb| Zv‡Z wZwb GK RvqMvq wb‡R‡`i m¤ú‡K© †j‡Lb, ÔAvjøvni cÖksmv| Avgiv Bgvg Avng` in.-Gi Abymvix; bZzb wKQz D™¢vebKvix bB| Avi Avwg (kvqL) Avjøvn, Zuvi †d‡ikZv Ges †Zvgv‡`i‡K mvÿ¨ †i‡L ejwQ †h, Avwg Avjøvn I Zuvi ivmy‡ji `x‡bi Dc‡i AvwQ Ges Avwg Avn‡j Bj‡gi AbymiY Kwi|Õ
Ab¨ GKwU c‡Î wj‡Lb, ÔAvjøvni Rb¨B mKj cÖmskv| Avwg Abymvix, D™¢veK bB, Avgvi AvwK`v Ges ag©-wek¦vm †mUvB, †h AvwK`v Ges ag© wek¦v‡mi Dci Avn‡j mybœvZ Iqvj RvgvAvZ Av‡Q| hvi Dc‡i Pvi Bgvg Ges Zvi Abymvixiv we`¨gvb| †gvUK_v ZvInx‡`i cÖwZ Avnevb Ges wkiK †_‡K evav cÖ`vb e¨wZZ hv wKQz Avgv‡`i m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡”Q me Avgv‡`i Dci ¯úó Acev` ˆe Avi wKQz bq| (gb&Ryi †bvgvbx in. wjwLZ ÔkvqL gynv¤§` web Avãyj Iqvnnve‡K wLjvd cÖ‡cMv‡ÐÕ c„. 57 †_‡K M„wnZ|)
mvnvivbcyix in. I gv`vbx in. Gi fyj ms‡kvab Ges wee„wZ cÖ`vb
Gfv‡e kvqL Ges kvq‡Li g„Zz¨i c‡i Zvi †Q‡j Avãyjøvn Be‡b gynv¤§` cÎ wj‡L Ges cy¯ÍK iPbv K‡i Zv‡`i weiæ‡× Qov‡bv ¸Re mg~‡ni DËi †`b| wKš‘ Zv‡`i Gme †jLv weiæax‡`i AccÖPv‡ii fx‡o nvwi‡q hvq| Avi Gme AccÖPv‡ii d‡j Avgv‡`i †`Ie›`x Ijvgv‡q †KivgI cÖfvweZ n‡q c‡ob| †`Ie›`x gvQjv‡Ki Ab¨Zg gwblx Lwjj Avng` mvnvivbcyix in. (1269-1346wn./1852-1927 L„.) 1325 wnRix‡Z ÔZvQw`KvZÕ wKZv‡e, †hwU wZwb nvivgvBb kvwidvB‡bi Avwjg‡`i cÖ‡kœi Dˇi wj‡LwQ‡jb, †mLv‡b wZwb Iqvnnvex‡`i Avnjym-mybœvn Iqvj RvgvZ †_‡K LvwiR e‡j gšÍe¨ K‡ib| cieZx©‡Z wZwb ev¯Íe Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© AeMZ ‡nvb| myZivs wZwb GB NUbvi 20 ermi c‡i hLb 1344 wnRix‡Z gw`bvq wnRiZ K‡i hvb ZLb wZwb c~‡e©i gZ †_‡K wd‡i Av‡mb Ges jv‡nv‡ii ZrKvjxb ˆ`wbK cwÎKv‡Z Zvi wee„wZ Qvcv‡bv nq| †mLv‡b wZwb ¯úófv‡e Iqvnnvex‡`i A‡bK cÖksmv K‡ib| †`Ie‡›`i Rb¨ GK gwblx kvBLyj Bmjvg nhiZ gvIjvbv ûmvBb Avngv` gv`vbx in (1296-1377 L„./1879-1957L„.) 1910 mv‡j ÔAvk-wknveym mvwKeÕ bv‡g GKwU wKZve wj‡Lb †mLv‡b wZwb Iqvnnvex‡`i m¤ú‡K© †j‡Lb †h, Avn‡j Avie Iqvnnvex‡`i‡K Bû`x-bvmviv, wn›`y Ges AwMœcyRK‡`i †P‡q I AwaK N„bv K‡i (c„. 47) wKš‘ G wKZve wjLvi 14 ermi c‡i 1924 L„óv‡ã kixd ûmvBb‡K nwU‡q g°v-gw`bvi ÿgZv `Lj K‡i †bq| eZ©gvb †mŠ`x ivResk hviv kvqL gynv¤§` web Avãyj Iqvnnv‡ei Abymvix Iqvnnvex wQj| Gi d‡j Zv‡`i m¤ú‡K© bZzb K‡i Rvbvi my‡hvM nq| myZivs wZwbI 1925 L„óv‡ã ÔRwg`viÕ cwÎKv‡ZB GK wee„wZi gva¨‡g Zvi c~‡e©i †_‡K wd‡i Av‡mb| (m~Î: gb&Ryi †bvÔgvbx wjwLZ kvqL‡K wLjvd cÖ‡cMv‡Ð) c„. 41 Ges 82 c„ôvi mvims‡ÿc)
‡`Ie›`x Ges Iqvnnex‡`i gv‡S wgj-Awgj cÖmsM
GKZ¡ev‡`i wek¦vm‡K ¯úó Kib, KziAvb kixd †_‡K Zvi cÖgvb Dc¯’vcb Ges ZvInx‡`i DjywnqvZ I ZvInx‡` iæe~weqv‡Zi gv‡S cv_©K¨ wbY©q, ZvInx` I mybœ‡Zi cÖwZ Avnevb, wkiK we`vÔAvZI iæm~gv‡Zi weiæaxZv, evwZ‡ji weiæ‡× wRnv` Ges A¯¿aviY Ges beex c×wZ‡Z Avjøvni GB Rgx‡b †LjvdZ cÖwZôvi R‡b¨ me©všÍKi‡b †Póv Z`exi Kiv BZ¨vw` wel‡q †`Ie›`x gvQjvK Ges Iqvnnex‡`i gv‡S PgrKvi mv`„m¨ cvIqv hvq| Gi d‡j Ggb åg nIqv m¤¢e bq †h, Dfq Av‡›`vj‡bi gv‡S †Kvb †hvMm~Î Av‡Q| GKvi‡YB A‡bK †e`AvZx kvn BmgvCj knx` in. (1193-1246 wn.)-Gi ÔZvKweqvZzj BgvbÕ †K kvBL gynv¤§` web Avãyj Iqvnnv‡ei ÔwKZveyZ ZvInx‡`iÕ Abyev` e‡j †d‡j‡Qb| A_P Dfq wKZv‡ei eY©bv fw½ Ges Avw½K Øviv ¯úóZB cÖwZqgvb nq †h, `yBwU m¤ú~Y© wfbœ wKZve| `yB wKZv‡ei iPbv‰kjx Ges weY¨v‡ki gv‡S mvgvb¨Zg mv`„k¨ cvIqvI gyw¯‹j| hw`I Dfq wKZv‡ei welqe¯‘ Ges e³e¨ GK| GB `yB `‡ji †Rnv`x Av‡›`vj‡bi MwZ-cÖK…wZI A‡bKUv mv`„k¨c~Y©| GKvi‡YB †Kvb kvq‡Li KvQ †_‡K `xÿv MÖnY K‡ib Ges fvi‡Z G‡m Bs‡iRwe‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡b Rwo‡q c‡ob| A_P ˆmq` mv‡ne n‡¾ hvb 1822 L„óv‡ã| Avi kvqL Be‡b Iqvn&nve Zvi 30 ermi c~‡e© ci‡jvK Mgb K‡ib| Zvn‡j wZwb kvq‡Li Kv‡Q Kxfv‡e `xÿ MÖnY Ki‡jb?
hvB †nvK †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, †gŠwjK welq¸wj‡Z GB `yB `‡ji gv‡S †Zgb †Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB| Z‡e wKQz wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© AvwK`vMZ wel‡q gZ‰ØZZv †`Lv hvq| Z‡e Zv †Zgb eo wKQz bq| †m me cv_©‡K¨i wfwˇZ nK¡-evwZj wbwb©Z nq bv| †hgb-Iqvnnvexiv e‡j _v‡K ivmy‡ji iIRv kixd whqvi‡Zi D‡Ï‡k¨ mdi Kiv Rv‡qh bq| bex mv. Ges †bK ev›`v‡`i Dwmjv w`‡q †`vqv Kiv Ges ivm~‡ji iIRvi Kv‡Q Dcw¯’Z n‡q mvjvg Rvbv‡bvi c‡i ivm~‡ji Kv‡Q kvdvqvZ Zje Kiv, eyRyM©‡`i ¯§„wZweRwoZ ¯’vbmg~n †_‡K eiKZ jvf Kiv‡K Zviv we`vÔAvZ g‡b K‡i| Giƒcfv‡e ivm~‡ji kv‡b wjwLZ KweZvq ivm~‡ji Kv‡Q mvnvh¨ cÖv_©bv Ges dwiqv` Rvbv‡bv, hv mvaviYZ cÖZxKx Ges iƒcK n‡q _v‡K ZvI Zv‡`i wbKU Rv‡qh bq| Av‡iKwU wel‡qI Zviv K‡VviZv cÖ`k©b K‡i, ‡mwU n‡jv bvgvh ZiKKvix‡K Kv‡di mve¨¯Í Kiv| Gme gvmAvjvq †`Ie›`xiv Iqvnvex‡`i †_‡K wfbœgZ †cvlY K‡i| Avi Avn‡j Bj‡gi wbKU G K_v my¯úó †h, Gme gvmAvjvq †`Ie›`x Djvgv‡q †Kivg n‡Ki Dci AwawôZ i‡q‡Qb|
(Z_¨ m~Î: gbRyi byÕgvbx wjwLZ cÖcvMv‡Ð cy. 69-76
‡`Ie›`x-Iqvnvex Zzjbvg~jK wePvi Ges Iqvnvex‡`i mwVK g~j¨vqb
Av‡MB D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, kvBL I Zvi Abymvixiv Avi‡ei Avkcvk AÂjmg~‡n †m me KvRB K‡i‡Qb, †h¸wj fviZ e‡l© kvIqvwjDjøvn I Zvi DËim~ix †`Ie›`x Avwjgiv K‡i‡Qb| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Zviv GKB Kg©c×wZ MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| `yB f’L‡Û cÖevwnZ n‡q‡Q GKB b`xi `yBwU aviv| wKš‘ ZvB e‡j GB `yB RvgvÔAv‡Zi gv‡S †Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB GgbwU ejv hv‡e bv| kvn IqvwjDjøvn in. Gi ms¯‹vi Kvh©µ‡gi †h e¨cKZv Avgiv jÿ¨ Kwi Zv wb:m‡›`‡n Iqvnvex‡`i Kg©aviv‡Z Abycw¯’Z| hw`I Zv‡`i wekvj Ae`vb i‡q‡Q|
Iqvnvex‡`i ev¯Íe Ae¯’vb wbY©q Ges mwVK g~j¨vqb wVK ZvB n‡Z cv‡i, hv †`Ie‡›`i Ab¨Zg `xÿv¸iæ nhiZ gvIjvbv ikx` Avng` Mv½ynx (1244-1323 wn. 1829-1905 L„.) Zvi dvZvIqv‡Z D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| GK cÖ‡kœi Dˇi wZwb e‡jb: Ôgynv¤§` web Avãyj Iqvnnve‡K gvbyl Iqvnvex e‡j| wZwb fvj gvbyl wQ‡jv| ï‡bwQ nv¤^jx gvhnv‡ei Abymvix wQ‡jv| nv`x‡mi Dci Avgj Ki‡Zb| we`vÔAvZ, wkiK †_‡K evav w`‡Zv| wKš‘ Zvui ¯^fv‡e wQj K‡VviZv| Zv m‡Ë¡I wZwbI Zvi Abymvixiv fvj| Z‡e hLbB mxgv AwZµg K‡i‡Qb ZLbB Zuv‡`i gv‡S dvmv` G‡m †M‡Q| AvwK`v mevi GKB| Avg‡ji gv‡S cv_©K¨ e¯‘Z nvbvdx, kv‡dqx, gv‡jKx nv¤^jxj cv_©‡K¨i b¨vq|Õ (dvZvIqv‡q ikxw`q¨vn c„. 280, gvKZvev‡q _vbex †`Ie›`))
GB mswÿß K‡qKwU ev‡K¨ †h K_v wZwb e¨³ K‡i‡Qb Zv Iqvnvex‡`i ev¯Íe Ae¯’v‡K Avgv‡`i mvg‡b ¯úó K‡i †`q| cÿcvZ Ges AwZiÄb gy³ GB g~j¨vqb wb:m‡›`‡n GB Rvgv‡Zi mwVK Ae¯’vb wbY©‡q h‡_vchy³ Ges ev¯Íem¤§Z|
mvaviYZfv‡e †e`vÔAvZxiv †h A‡_© Iqvnvex kãwU‡K e¨envi K‡i _v‡K A_©vr Bmjvg‡K weK…ZKvix, ivm~‡ji cÖwZ we‡Øl‡cvlYKvix, †m A‡_© †`Ie›`xiv †hgb Iqvnvex bq, ¯^qs IqvnvexivI †m me Acev` †_‡K m¤ú~Y© gy³| eis mwZ¨Kvi Bmjv‡gi Lv‡`g Ges ivm~‡ji cÖK…Z Abymvix AvR mviv c„w_ex‡Z GB `yB wkwe‡iB mxgve× ej‡j fzj ejv n‡e bv|
hw`I nK I n°vwbqv‡Zi †ÿ‡Î †`Ie›`x Ges Iqvnvex Dfq RvgvZ cÖ`x&ß Av`k© Zzj¨, Dfq `jB KziAvb mybœvni cÖPviKvix| `x‡bi Lv‡`g Ges Bmjv‡gi cªK…ó `vC| Z_vwc †`Ie›`x‡`i †Lv`vfxwZ, ivm~jfw³, AvZ¥ïw×, ZvmvDdPP©v Ges mvjvd cÖxwZ; Bmjv‡gi mZ¨, my›`i Ges Kj¨v‡Yi my¯’ fveaviv iÿvq Zv‡`i eªZ Ghy‡M Zv‡`i ¯^Zš¿ ˆewk‡ó¨ †``xc¨gvb| BdivZ I ZvdixZ `yB cÖvwšÍKZvi gvSvgvwS G‡Z`vj Ges gva¨gcš’v I fvimvg¨c~Y© Av`k©B Zv‡`i wkÔAvi ev cwiPq, †h Kwó cv_‡i Iqvnvexiv cy‡ivcywi DËxY© n‡q‡Q Zv ejv hv‡e bv|
h_v_© e‡j‡Qb mvwq¨` Aveyj nvmvb Avjx b`fx in. Zvi weL¨vZ MÖš’ Zvix‡L `vIqvZ I Avhxgv‡Z| Zuvi e³e¨ Zz‡j a‡iB GB m›`f© †kl KiwQ|
b`fx i.-Gi we‡kølY Ges g~j¨vqb
gvIjvbv Avjx wgquv b`fx in. Iqvnvex Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖwZôvZv kvqL gynv¤§` web Avãyj Iqvnnve Ges †`Ie›`x‡`i Av`wk©K †bZv kvn IqvwjDjøvn †`njfx in. Df‡qi gv‡S Zzjbvg~jK wePvi Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb, ZvInx‡`i AvKx`v ¯^”Q I ¯úóKiY, KziAvb gvRx` †_‡K Zvi cÖgvb Dc¯’vcb, ZvInx‡`i DjywnqvZ Ges ZvInx‡` iæe~wqv‡Zi gv‡S cv_©K¨ wbY©‡qi m¤úK© hZ`~i, †m me †ÿ‡Î kvnIqvwjDjøvn Ges kvqL gynv¤§` Be‡b Avãyj Iqvnnv‡ei wPšÍv-‡PZbv Ges we‡køl‡Y eo mv`„k¨ cwijwÿZ nq| wKš‘ kvn mv‡n‡ei K‡g©i e„Ë Ges Zvi ms¯‹vi g~jK Bmjvnx Kv‡Ri gq`vb Zvi †P‡q A‡bK †ekx cÖk¯Í| †mLv‡b kvn IqvwjDjøvn in.-Gi Kg©Kv‡Ð Bmjvgx Ávb-weÁv‡bi cybiæ¾xeb, Bmjvgx †PZbvq bevqb kixq‡Zi g~j jÿ¨ I M~pZË¡ Avwe¯‹vi, kixqZ Ges Bmjvgx wkÿv‡K †MvQv‡jvfv‡e Ges cwic~Y©iƒ‡c Dc¯’vc‡bi g‡Zv Bjgx Kvibvg Ges Bjgx ¯’weiZv `~ixKiY Ges wdKnx gvhnvemg~‡ni cÿcvZ`yóZvi ms‡kvab, AvKj I bK‡ji gv‡S mgš^q mvab Ges wdKnx gvhnvemg~‡ni gv‡S mgš^‡qi gZ we‡kølYagx© M‡elYvjä KvR; wn›`y¯Ív‡b Bmjvgx †bZ…‡Z¡ msiÿ‡Yi †Póv, AvZ¥ïw× Ges Gnmv‡bi ¯Í‡i †cŠQvi `vIqvZ I Zvi wkÿv`vb Ges Kg©V Dchy³ gvby‡li ZiweqZ GmKj welq Zvi Kg© wgk‡bi AšÍf©~³ wQj|
Gme wKQzi cvkvcvwk kvn mv‡n‡ei GLv‡b BKev‡ji fvlvq wnRvhx evjyKv¯‘c (Z_v wbg©j ZvInx‡`i k³ Rwg‡b) RgR‡gi mywgó cvwb †cÖg fvjevmv Ges b¤ªZv †KvgjZvi `y‡ai bni) I Av‡Q, hv kvn mv‡n‡ei we‡kl cwi‡ek , ZiweqZ Ges ZvmvDd I myj~‡Ki dj|
GB `„wó‡KvY †_‡K †`L‡j kvn mv‡ne Ges kvq‡Li gv‡S Zzjbv Kiv Ges Zv‡`i Df‡qi gv‡S mv`„k¨-g‰ZK¨ A‡š^lY †gv‡UI †hvw³K Ges ev¯Íeagx g‡b nq bv| [Zvix‡L `vIqvZ I AvhxgvZ, L.5, c„: 397 Blr cwiewZ©Z Ges ms‡ÿwcZ]
Comment